Does a roof replacement in Newton need a permit?
Yes. A full roof replacement in Newton needs a building permit, while minor repairs do not. One aggregator site reports Newton's department as stricter than the model code, with fees and a wait of about two weeks, but your roofer should confirm both with the city before the job is scheduled.
The permit is a normal part of the job and not a reason to worry. Massachusetts issues no roofing licence. Contractors doing work on homes register as Home Improvement Contractors with the Office of Consumer Affairs and Business Regulation, and the building permit for roof work is normally pulled by the holder of a Construction Supervisor Licence issued by the Board of Building Regulations and Standards.
For the permit and registration rules in detail, read the guides on whether you need a permit to replace a roof in Newton and on Massachusetts contractor registration. If a roofer tells you the permit is not needed for a full tear-off, treat that as a reason to ask again.
How many layers of shingles can stay on a Massachusetts roof?
One third-party summary says Massachusetts allows no more than two layers of asphalt shingles, and that a third layer means a full tear-off. Confirm the rule with the roofer and the building department. On an older house, a tear-off to the boards is usually the better route anyway, because it lets the decking be read.
Covering over the old shingles saves the cost of stripping, and that is the whole case for it. The cost is that you never see the boards, and a roofer cannot fix what is hidden. A layer of damp or rotted decking under a new overlay stays damp and rotted.
What is an ice barrier, and does Massachusetts require one?
An ice barrier is a waterproof layer under the shingles along the eaves. Under 780 CMR R905.1.2, where there is a history of ice forming along eaves, asphalt shingle, slate and wood roofs need two cemented layers of underlayment or a self-adhering polymer-modified bitumen sheet, running from the eave to at least 24 inches inside the exterior wall line.
That requirement applies where the history of ice is designated in Table R301.2(1), so ask the roofer and the building department how it is applied to your address. The point of the barrier is that when meltwater backs up under the shingles at the cold edge of the roof, it meets a sealed layer and not the boards.
A barrier treats the symptom of an ice dam and does not stop one forming. The cure for the cause is heat and air leaks from the living space, which is why a replacement is a good time to read the ice dam prevention and repair page and look at the attic as well as the roof.
Do historic districts change what you can put on the roof?
They can. Newton has the Newton Upper Falls Local Historic District, established in 1975 with 182 buildings, and other towns nearby have their own districts and commissions. Where one applies, roof material and color can be regulated, so ask the local historic commission before choosing a covering and before signing.
Lexington's Battle Green and Hancock-Clarke districts, Weston's local historic district, Brookline's local districts and Cambridge's Historical Commission and Neighborhood Conservation Districts all work the same way in principle: the commission has a say before the work starts. This page cannot tell you whether your house is covered, and you should not assume it is or is not.