Why is my ceiling stain nowhere near the roof damage?
Water follows gravity and surfaces, not a straight line. It enters at a joint, runs along a rafter or the underside of the boards, and drips where it finds a low point or a gap. The stain can sit several feet down the slope from the real opening, which is why a roofer checks the attic first.
In a steep-roofed Newton house with a finished attic, the water may travel behind knee walls and show up two rooms away. In a flat-ceilinged upstairs, it may soak the insulation first and only reach the ceiling when the insulation is saturated.
That delay is also why a ceiling that looks dry today may still be getting wet. A stain that was brown last month and is dry now is not necessarily fixed.
Is it a roof leak or an ice dam?
If water appears during a winter thaw, along exterior walls or near the eaves, with ice or icicles on the edge of the roof, an ice dam is likely. Rain leaks show up during or after rainfall and are usually higher up the slope. A roofer can tell the difference by where the water enters.
Ice dams form when heat and air from the living space melt snow on the warm part of the roof and the water refreezes at the cold eaves. The ice then forms a ridge that traps meltwater and pushes it under the shingles. The causes are poor insulation, air leaks such as recessed lights, ducts and hatches, and poor ventilation.
That matters for the repair. Patching the roof where the water came in may stop that leak without touching the cause, and the leak can return the next winter. The guide on ice dams in Newton explains the fix on the attic side.
What should I do inside the house while I wait for a roofer?
Protect belongings, catch the water and photograph everything. Move furniture and rugs, put a bucket under the drip, and place plastic or towels where you cannot move things. Stay away from wet light fixtures and ceilings that sag, and call your insurer's claim line if you intend to claim.
Take dated photos of the stain, the attic and any damaged belongings before cleanup. Whether a loss is covered is your insurer's decision under your own policy, so ask them what they need.
If water is near a light fixture or an outlet, keep clear and switch off the circuit at the panel if you can reach it without standing in water. A tarp on the roof is a roofer's job, not yours.
Why does the leak only appear in some weather?
Because the opening is small or sits in a place that only takes water in certain conditions. Wind-driven rain pushes water sideways under flashing, snowmelt creates a slow trickle at the eaves, and a failing seal may leak only when the roof has been hot and then wet. The roofer treats the pattern as evidence.
Tell the roofer when you notice it: only in northeast wind, only after snow, only in heavy downpours. Those details narrow the search.
A leak that appears only in a thunderstorm and only on one side of the house often points at a vertical joint, such as a dormer wall, instead of the shingle surface.